The concept of reinforced concrete dates back to the mid-19th century, when inventors and engineers began experimenting with combining concrete and steel to create a stronger, more resilient material. One of the earliest pioneers was French engineer Joseph Monier, who patented the first reinforced concrete design in 1867. Monier's innovative use of iron reinforcement within concrete led to the development of more sophisticated structures, including bridges, buildings, and canals.
In Yangon and Mandalay, used engineering textbooks circulate for extremely low prices (3,000–10,000 MMK). This is de facto free compared to international prices. Older editions (2nd, 3rd) are essentially the same for 90% of the content. reinforced concrete design u nyi hla nge free
: Specialized sections on two-way column-supported slabs and flat plates. The concept of reinforced concrete dates back to
While new textbooks are copyrighted, many older editions or university lecture notes are freely distributed. In Yangon and Mandalay, used engineering textbooks circulate
U Nyi Hla Nge is a former Professor of Civil Engineering at the Yangon Institute of Technology (YIT) whose publications are foundational for engineering students and practicing designers in Myanmar